ABSTRACT
Objectives. Although various mental health -re-lated consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented, there has been far less attention given to potential protective factors. Questions and hypotheses. In the present study, authors examined the role of three types of positive expectancies -optimism, hope, and self-efficacy -as predictors of well-being and anxiety. Furthermore, authors examined the role of coping strategies as a potential mediator between expectancies and criterion variables. Sample and settings. The present study was con-ducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in Slo-vakia after a national emergency was declared (N=1011). Additionally, longitudinal follow up was conducted after a national lockdown (N=391). Statistical analysis. Multi-model linear regres-sion (the Bayesian approach) and simple me-diation analysis (the Frequentist approach) were used to answer research questions. Results. In the main study with N=1011 partici-pants sampled after a national emergency was declared, the role of optimism in predicting anx-iety and well-being was corroborated. Moreo-ver, this finding was replicated after a national lockdown and the degree to which Coronavirus was considered dangerous served as a potential mediator. Besides optimism, self-efficacy nega-tively predicted anxiety, and subscales of hope predicted well-being. Additionally, the role of coping strategies as potential mediator was examined. In follow up with N=391 respondents who decided to participate after the national lockdown, authors found an indirect effect of optimism on well-being and anxiety through dysfunctional coping. Limitations. The present study has some limita-tions that should be reflected upon. For exam-ple, convenience sampling was used. Moreover, interpretations related to causality should be avoided and the specificity of the effect in re-lation to pandemic situation should be further examined in future research.
ABSTRACT
Objectives. Although various mental health-related consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented, there has been far less attention given to potential protective factors. Questions and hypotheses. In the present study, authors examined the role of three types of positive expectancies-optimism, hope, and self-efficacy-as predictors of well-being and anxiety. Furthermore, authors examined the role of coping strategies as a potential mediator between expectancies and criterion variables. Sample and settings. The present study was conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak in Slovakia after a national emergency was declared (N=1011). Additionally, longitudinal follow up was conducted after a national lockdown (N=391). Statistical analysis. Multi-model linear regression (the Bayesian approach) and simple mediation analysis (the Frequentist approach) were used to answer research questions. Results. In the main study with N=1011 participants sampled after a national emergency was declared, the role of optimism in predicting anxiety and well-being was corroborated. Moreover, this finding was replicated after a national lockdown and the degree to which Coronavirus was considered dangerous served as a potential mediator. Besides optimism, self-efficacy negatively predicted anxiety, and subscales of hope predicted well-being. Additionally, the role of coping strategies as potential mediator was ex-amined. In follow up with N=391 respondents who decided to participate after the national lockdown, authors found an indirect effect of optimism on well-being and anxiety through dysfunctional coping. Limitations. The present study has some limitations that should be reflected upon. For example, convenience sampling was used. Moreover, interpretations related to causality should be avoided and the specificity of the effect in relation to pandemic situation should be further examined in future research. © 2022, Czech Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.